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<title>Limbo (programming language)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Limbo (programming language)</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Limbo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Limbo (disambiguation)">Limbo (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Limbo</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sean Dorward, Phil Winterbottom, <a href="Rob_Pike" title="Rob Pike">Rob Pike</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> / Vita Nuova Holdings</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1995</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Strongly-typed_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongly-typed programming language">Strong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Inferno_(operating_system)" title="Inferno (operating system)">Inferno</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="GNU_GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU GPL">GNU GPL</a> v2, see NOTICE in limbo subfolder of the tarball</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vitanuova.com/inferno/limbo.html">www<wbr>.vitanuova<wbr>.com<wbr>/inferno<wbr>/limbo<wbr>.html</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Major <a href="Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Dis virtual machine</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, <a href="Communicating_sequential_processes" title="Communicating sequential processes">CSP</a>, <a href="Alef_(programming_language)" title="Alef (programming language)">Alef</a>, <a href="Newsqueak" title="Newsqueak">Newsqueak</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Stackless_Python" title="Stackless Python">Stackless Python</a>, <a href="Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, <a href="Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Limbo</b> is a <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> for writing distributed systems and is the language used to write <a href="Application_software" title="Application software">applications</a> for the <a href="Inferno_(operating_system)" title="Inferno (operating system)">Inferno operating system</a>. It was designed at <a href="Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> by Sean Dorward, Phil Winterbottom, and <a href="Rob_Pike" title="Rob Pike">Rob Pike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Limbo <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> generates <a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">architecture</a>-independent <a href="Object_code" title="Object code">object code</a> which is then interpreted by the <b>Dis virtual machine</b> or compiled just before runtime to improve performance. Therefore all Limbo applications are completely portable across all Inferno platforms.

</p><p>Limbo's approach to concurrency was inspired by <a href="C._A._R._Hoare" class="mw-redirect" title="C. A. R. Hoare">Hoare</a>'s <a href="Communicating_sequential_processes" title="Communicating sequential processes">communicating sequential processes</a> (CSP), as implemented and amended in Pike's earlier <a href="Newsqueak" title="Newsqueak">Newsqueak</a> language and Winterbottom's <a href="Alef_(programming_language)" title="Alef (programming language)">Alef</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_features">Language features</h2></div>

<p>Limbo supports the following features:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Modularity_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modularity (programming)">modular programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Concurrent_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent programming">concurrent programming</a></li>

<li>strong <a href="Type_checking" class="mw-redirect" title="Type checking">type checking</a> at compile and run-time</li>

<li><a href="Interprocess_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Interprocess communication">interprocess communication</a> over typed <a href="Channel_(programming)" title="Channel (programming)">channels</a></li>

<li>automatic <a href="Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a></li>

<li>simple <a href="Abstract_data_type" title="Abstract data type">abstract data types</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virtual_machine">Virtual machine</h2></div>

<p>The Dis virtual machine that executes Limbo code is a CISC-like VM, with instructions for arithmetic, <a href="Control_flow" title="Control flow">control flow</a>, data motion, <a href="Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">process</a> creation, synchronizing and communicating between processes, loading modules of code, and support for higher-level data-types: strings, arrays, lists, and communication channels.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses a hybrid of <a href="Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">reference counting</a> and a <a href="Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time</a> <a href="Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage-collector</a> for cyclic data.<sup id="cite_ref-gc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Aspects of the design of Dis were inspired by the <a href="AT%26T_Hobbit" title="AT&T Hobbit">AT&T Hobbit</a> microprocessor, as used in the original <a href="BeBox" title="BeBox">BeBox</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

<p>Limbo uses <a href="Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>-style definitions as in:

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-limbo mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="n">name0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">name1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="n">name2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hello_world">Hello world</h3></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-limbo mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="k">implement</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Command</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="k">include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"sys.m"</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="k">include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"draw.m"</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="k">include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"sh.m"</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="n">init</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">nil</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Draw</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Context</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">nil</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">list</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">of</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Hello World!</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2></div>

<p>The 3rd edition of the Inferno operating system and Limbo programming language are described in the textbook <i>Inferno Programming with Limbo</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-470-84352-7</bdi> (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), by Phillip Stanley-Marbell. Another textbook <i>The Inferno Programming Book: An Introduction to Programming for the Inferno Distributed System</i>, by Martin Atkins, Charles Forsyth, <a href="Rob_Pike" title="Rob Pike">Rob Pike</a> and Howard Trickey, was started, but never released.

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<ul><li>The <a href="Inferno_(operating_system)" title="Inferno (operating system)">Inferno</a> operating system</li>

<li><a href="Alef_(programming_language)" title="Alef (programming language)">Alef</a>, the predecessor of Limbo</li>

<li><a href="Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9 from Bell Labs</a>, operating system</li>

<li><a href="Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, similar language from Google</li>

<li><a href="AT%26T_Hobbit" title="AT&T Hobbit">AT&T Hobbit</a>, a processor architecture which inspired the Dis VM</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vitanuova.com/inferno/limbo.html">"Inferno Application Programming"</a>. <i>vitanuova</i>. vitanuova<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250220003220/https://www.vitanuova.com/inferno/papers/dis.html">"Dis Virtual Machine Specification"</a>. Vita Nuova. 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-gc-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gc_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLorenz_Huelsbergen_and_Phil_Winterbottom1998" class="citation journal cs1">Lorenz Huelsbergen and Phil Winterbottom (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.cat-v.org/inferno/concurrent_gc/concurrent_gc.pdf">"Very Concurrent Mark and Sweep Garbage Collection without Fine-Grain Synchronization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>1998 International Symposium on Memory Management</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vitanuova.com/inferno/limbo.html">Vita Nuova page on Limbo</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.cat-v.org/inferno/4th_edition/limbo_language/descent">A Descent into Limbo</a> by <a href="Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.cat-v.org/inferno/4th_edition/limbo_language/limbo">The Limbo Programming Language</a> by <a href="Dennis_M._Ritchie" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis M. Ritchie">Dennis M. Ritchie</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.cat-v.org/inferno/4th_edition/limbo_language/addendum">Addendum</a> by Vita Nuova.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011054044/http://www.gemusehaken.org/ipwl/">Inferno Programming with Limbo</a> by Phillip Stanley-Marbell</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swtch.com/~rsc/thread/">Threaded programming in the Bell Labs CSP style</a></li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921095053/https://bitbucket.org/inferno-os/inferno-os/src/62ae0f75aa714c7bab5e714fcf90f4026b7ba911/limbo/?at=default"><i>Dis source code</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitbucket.org/inferno-os/inferno-os/src/62ae0f75aa714c7bab5e714fcf90f4026b7ba911/limbo/?at=default">the original</a> on 2017-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-20</span></span></cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250211084729/https://www.vitanuova.com/inferno/papers/hotchips.html"><i>The design of the Inferno virtual machine</i></a>, Vita nuova</cite>.</li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2">"Dis VM design", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.cat-v.org/inferno/4th_edition/dis_VM_design"><i>Inferno</i></a> (4th ed.), Cat V</cite>.</li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2">"Dis VM specification", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.cat-v.org/inferno/4th_edition/dis_VM_specification"><i>Inferno</i></a> (4th ed.), Cat V</cite>.</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Rob_Pike75" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Rob_Pike" title="Rob Pike">Rob Pike</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Inferno_(operating_system)" title="Inferno (operating system)">Inferno</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Newsqueak" title="Newsqueak">Newsqueak</a></li>

<li><a href="Sawzall_(programming_language)" title="Sawzall (programming language)">Sawzall</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Practice_of_Programming" title="The Practice of Programming">The Practice of Programming</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Unix_Programming_Environment" title="The Unix Programming Environment">The Unix Programming Environment</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ren%C3%A9e_French" title="Renée French">Renée French</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_V._Shaney" title="Mark V. Shaney">Mark V. Shaney</a></li>

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